Should the U.S. Still Have the Death Penalty

In the USA, a majority of the people support capital punishment and vote for politicians that take a firm stand against crime. Those who support the death penalty use arguments such as: An eye for an eye!Society should not have to pay for someone so dangerous that they can never return to live around normal people.The threat of execution is enough to make criminals think twice about committing a capital crime. Those who oppose the death penalty argue their position with statements such as: Although the act of murder is horrific and inexcusable, executing the killer does nothing to bring the person back.It often costs more to execute a criminal than it would cost to keep him/her alive in jail.It is irrational to assume that a criminal is going to consider the consequences of his actions before committing a criminal act. The compelling question is: if justice is served by putting a murderer to death, in what way is it served? As you will see, both sides offer strong arguments. With which do you agree? Current Status In 2003, a Gallup report showed public support was at a high level with 74 percent for the death penalty for convicted killers. A small majority still favored the death penalty when given a choice between life in prison or death, for a murder conviction. A May 2004 Gallup Poll found that there is a rise in Americans that support a sentence of life without parole rather than the death penalty for those convicted of murder. In 2003 the outcome of the poll showed just the opposite, and many attribute that to the 9/11 attack on America. In recent years DNA testing has revealed past mistaken convictions. There have been 111 people released from death row because DNA evidence proved they did not commit the crime for which they were convicted. Even with this information, 55 percent of the public feels confident that the death penalty is applied fairly, while 39 percent say it is not. Background Use of the death penalty in the United States was practiced regularly, dating back to 1608Â  until a temporary ban was established in 1967, during which time the Supreme Court reviewed its constitutionality. In 1972, the Furman v. Georgia case was found to be a violation of the Eighth Amendment which bans cruel and unusual punishment. This was determined based on what the Court felt was an unguided jury discretion which resulted in arbitrary and capricious sentencing. However, the ruling did open the possibility of reinstating the death penalty, if states redrafted their sentencing laws to avoid such problems. The death penalty was reinstated in 1976 after 10 years of being abolished. A total of 885 death row prisoners have been executed from 1976 until 2003. Pros It is the opinion of proponents of the death penalty that administering justice is the foundation of any societys criminal policy. When punishment for murdering another human being is delivered, the first question should be if that punishment is just relative to the crime. Although there are different concepts of what constitutes just punishment, anytime the well-being of the criminal out ways that of the victim, justice has not been served. To gauge justice, one should ask themselves: If I was murdered today, what would a just punishment be for the person who took my life?Should that person be allowed to live out their life behind bars? In time, the convicted murderer can adjust to their incarceration and find within its limitations, a time when they feel joy, times when they laugh, talk to their family, etc., but as the victim, no more are such opportunities available to them. Those that are pro-death penalty feel it is society’s responsibility to step in and be the voice of the victim and determine what is a just punishment, for the victim, not the criminal. Think of the phrase itself, life sentence. Does the victim get a life sentence? The victim is dead. To serve justice, that person who ended their life should have to pay with their own for the scale of justice to remain in balance. Cons Opponents of capital punishment say, capital punishment is barbaric and cruel and has no place in a civilized society. It denies an individual of due process by imposing irrevocable punishment on them and depriving them of ever benefiting from new technology that may provide later evidence of their innocence. Murder in any form, by any person, shows a lack of respect for human life. For victims of murder, sparing the life of their killer is the truest form of justice that can be given to them. Opponents of the death penalty feel to kill as a way to even out the crime would only justify the act itself. This position is not taken out of sympathy to the convicted murderer but out of respect for his victim in demonstrating that all human life should be of value. Where It Stands As of April 1, 2004, America had 3,487 inmates on death row. In 2003, only 65 criminals were executed. The average time span between being sentenced to death and being put to death is 9 - 12 years although many have lived on death row for up to 20 years. One has to ask, under these circumstances, are victims family members healed by the death penalty or are they re-victimized by a criminal justice system that exploits their pain to keep voters happy and makes promises it cannot keep?

The Real Problem of Plagiarism - 1168 Words

Plagiarism In academic settings, there are systems in place which dictate how administration expects the students to behave. These codes can be different based upon the specific rules of the institution in question. Some have clothing rules, others rules about alcohol or drug use, but there are certain rules which are more universal and are found in almost all schools. Many schools have rules which dictate that students must behave in ways which the institution considers to be honorable. These honor codes can include different components, but it is primarily a pledge against cheating in any sense of the word including plagiarism. The students pledge to the school that any assignments that they turn in will be their own work and that their performances on examinations will be based upon their own academic determination, rather than cheating. In return, the university or college pledges to believe that the students work is his or her own (McCabe 585). Plagiarism is a form of cheating but there ar e cases when it is unintentional or used to prove a sociological or psychological point, which should be considered before a punishment is meted out. Plagiarism is a real problem in the current time period. With the advent of the Internet, students are able to literally type in a few key words into any search engine and find all the material which would be necessary in order to complete an assignment successfully and efficiently. Indeed, it is no trouble to highlight a largeShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Plagiarism1143 Words   |  5 PagesPlagiarism hinders intellectual advancement. The problems of plagiarism have been discussed for hundreds of years. With technologies, plagiarism becomes a fairly common practice in recent years. Plagiarism is actually recognized as a dishonest act from the 18th century when the original literature takes on more value within society. 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One of the reasons for this is the ones who plagiarize don’t know whatRead More The Problem of Plagiarism Essay1729 Words   |  7 PagesProblem As American education enters a time when the ability to use technology becomes imperative, a time when students will become expected to communicate and work via the Internet, and a time when students will need to be able to find and interpret information efficiently and correctly, secondary school teachers are searching for ways to provide their students with assessments that mirror the expectations those students will face in the workforce. One way to do this is to have students researchRead More Intentional and Unintentional Plagiarism Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesIntentional and Unintentional Plagiarism There are many problems in the college scene these days but one of the most overlooked and difficult to detect is Plagiarism. To get an idea of what plagiarism is you first have to know the definition. Webster’s Dictionary says it’s â€Å"to steal and pass off (the words or ideas of another) as one’s own: use (another’s production) without crediting the source.†[1] Which basically means you give an exact quote of someone else’s without saying it was thatRead MoreThe Silent Harm of Plagiarism Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pagesmind when we think about plagiarism, many people may think of theft or the act of stealing intellectual property. According to Webster-Merriams’ dictionary, plagiarism is â€Å"the act stealing and passing off (the ideas and words of others) as one’s own† (Webster-Merriam). Webster seems to have left a little something out. Plagiarism is not just the act of stealing one’s work. It is also the result of ethical deterioration of academic integrity. 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But this is 2005, and so, in your most desperate hour, you try a desperate ploy. You log on to the Internet, enter term papers into an online search engine, and find your way to www.termpaper.com. There you find a paper that fits the assignmentRead MorePlagiarism and the Deterioration of Ethical Values Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesWhat comes to ones mind when we think about plagiarism, according to Webster-Merriams’ dictionary plagiarism is â€Å"the act stealing and passing off (the ideas and words of others) as ones own† (Webster-Merriam). Webster seems to have left a little something out, plagiarism is not just the act of stealing ones work, it is also the result of ethical deterioration of academic integrity. In discussion of plagiaris m, a controversial issue is whether plagiarism is taken serious enough and what the severity

Farm Subsidies A Necessary Essay Example For Students

Farm Subsidies A Necessary Essay Evil? Subsidies are payments, economic concessions, or privileges given by the government to favor businesses or consumers. In the 1930s, subsidies were designed to favor agriculture. John Steinbeck expressed his dislike of the farm subsidy system of the United States in his book, The Grapes of Wrath. In that book, the government gave money to farms so that they would grow and sell a certain amount of crops. As a result, Steinbeck argued, many people starved unnecessarily. Steinbeck examined farm subsidies from a personal level, showing how they hurt the common man. Subsidies have a variety of other problems, both on the micro and macro level, that should not be ignored. Despite their benefits, farm subsidies are an inefficient and dysfunctional part of our economic system. The problems of the American farmer arose in the 1920s, and various methods were introduced to help solve them. The United States still disagrees on how to solve the continuing problem of agricultural overproducti on. In 1916, the number of people living on farms was at its maximum at 32,530,000. Most of these farms were relatively small (Reische 51). Technological advances in the 1920s brought a variety of effects. The use of machinery increased productivity while reducing the need for as many farm laborers. The industrial boom of the 1920s drew many workers off the farm and into the cities. Machinery, while increasing productivity, was very expensive. Demand for food, though, stayed relatively constant (Long 85). As a result of this, food prices went down. The small farmer was no longer able to compete, lacking the capital to buy productive machinery. Small farms lost their practicality, and many farmers were forced to consolidate to compete. Fewer, larger farms resulted (Reische 51). During the Depression, unemployment grew while income shrank. An extended drought had aggravated the farm problem during the 1930s (Reische 52). Congress, to counter this, passed price support legislation to a ssure a profit to the farmers. The Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936 allowed the government to limit acreage use for certain soil-depleting crops. The Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937 allowed the government to set the minimum price and amount sold of a good at the market. The Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, farmers were given price supports for not growing crops. These allowed farmers to mechanize, which was necessary because of the scarcity of farm labor during World War II (Reische 52). During World War II, demand for food increased, and farmers enjoyed a period of general prosperity (Reische 52). In 1965, the government reduced surplus by getting farmers to set aside land for soil conservation (Blanpied 121). The Agricultural Act of 1970 gave direct payments to farmers to set aside some of their land (Patterson 129). The 1973 farm bill lowered aid to farmers by lowering the target income for price supports. The 1970s were good years for farmers . Wheat and corn prices ripled, land prices doubled, and farm exports outstripped imports by twenty-four billion dollars (Long 88). Under the Carter administration, farm support was minimized. Competition from foreign markets, like Argentina, lowered prices and incomes (Long 88). Ronald Reagan wanted to wean the farm community from government support. Later on in his administration, though, he started the Payments In Kind policy, in which the government paid farmers not to grow major crops. Despite these various efforts, farms continue to deal with the problems that rose in the 1920s. Farm subsidies seem to have benefits for the small farmer. Each year since 1947, there has been a net out-migration of farm people (Reische 53). American farm production has tripled since 1910 while employment has fallen eighty percent (Long 82). Small family farms have the lowest total family incomes (Long 83). Farming is following a trend from many small farms to a few large farms. Competition among farmers has increased supply faster than demand. New seed varieties, better pest control, productive machinery, public investments in irrigation and transportation, and better management will increase farm output. The resulting oversupply of farm products, which creates a low profit margin, drives smaller farms out of business. Smaller farms lack the capital and income to buy the machinery they need to compete with larger farms (Long 85). Many see this tendency towards consolidation and mechanization of farms to be harmful to the United States in the long run, and they see subsidies as a way of achieving a social desire to preserve the family farm. If the family farm represents anything, its a very intimate and fundamental relationship between people and resources (MacFadyen 138). Fewer farms mean fewer jobs and a higher concentration of wealth. Ten 30,000-acre farms may produce as much food as a hundred 3000-acre farms, but the former supports machinery; the latter, community (MacF adyen 138). Farm subsidies are designed to prevent the extinction of the small farmer. Despite the social benefits, subsidies have many problems. The subsidy system is often wasteful; the government finances irrigation systems in the California Imperial Valley, and then pays farmers not to grow crops on it (Solkoff 27). Some benefits hurt the small farmer. Marketing orders and tax breaks hurt small operators by giving more money to bigger farms. Big farms can then overproduce and undersell using advanced machinery, driving lesser farms out of business (Fox 28). Subsidies also allow foreign markets to become competitive by artificially raising market prices (Long 91). Artificially raising market prices create a surplus that would normally be solved by the free market system. In a theoretical free market, overproduction would drive excess farms out of business, until equilibrium would establish itself for both price and quantity of farm products. Subsidies allow inefficient farms to c ontinue to exist, which creates an inefficient economic system. Subsidies also increase the cost of other consumer products, while also increasing taxes to pay for them. Perhaps most importantly, subsidies do not fulfill their social role. About 112,000 large farms equivalent to the number of farms in Minnesota alone produce half the nations food and fiber (Long 82). The many government subsidy policies do not preserve the family farm, and the number of small farms has almost continuously been on the decline. Subsidies are impractical in the economic and the social aspects.Despite perceived benefits, farm subsidies are an inefficient and dysfunctional part of our economic system. Their goal, nonetheless, is noble. Writers like John Steinbeck made people aware of the plight of the small farmer, and subsidies were the only solution he government could think of. If there is some way to prevent the decline of small farms that does not carry the many subsidy problems, the agricultural po licy would undoubtedly change. Perhaps the same anti-trust laws that prevented the monopolizing of industry could be used to prevent the consolidation of farms. Until some other system is developed that can deal with the problems of the farmer, subsidies will continue to be used. Works Cited Blanpied, Nancy. Farm Policy. Congressional Quarterly: Washington D.C., 1984. Fox, Michael. Agricide. Schoken Books: New York, 1986. Long, Robert Emmet. The Farm Crisis. Wilson Co.: New York, 1987. MacFadyen, J. Tevere. Gaining Ground. Holt, Reinhart, and Winston: New York, 1966. Reische, Diana. U.S. Agricultural Policy. Wilson Co.: New York, 1966. Solkoff, Joel. The Politics of Food. Sierra Club Books: San Francisco, 1985. .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 , .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 .postImageUrl , .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 , .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8:hover , .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8:visited , .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8:active { border:0!important; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8:active , .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8 .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2ade208a2827dc07617d6cede7f80fb8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Postwar Effects on Women Essay

EU’s Approach To Economic Regionalism †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the EUs Approach To Economic Regionalism. Answer: Introduction The objective of this study is to focus on the EUs approach toeconomic regionalism that have been exposed by global financial crisis and its aftermath.Economic regionalism refers to institutional arrangements that are designed to aid free flow of commodities as well as services and to organizeinternational economic policies among the nations. It has viewed as an attempt in managing the constraints as well as opportunities that is basically formed by huge rise in foreign economic ties (Acharya and Amitav 2012). Few examples of economic regionalism include- free trade,economic unions, customs unions etc. Different schemes of economic integration were mainly founded in Europe in that period of World War II. It mainly includes European Union, EFTA (European free trade association) and European communities. Weakness in the EUs approach to economic regionalism that were exposed by the global financial crisis and its aftermath Economic regionalism initiated in Western parts of Europe and extended to East Asia, North as well as Latin America and in other nations. Different types of economic regionalism are mainly differentiated by integration level in which the countries were involved (Gilpin and Robert 2016). One of the basic forms of economic regionalism is EFTA that facilitates in reducing customs duties among their members. The currency as well as economic Union mainly intends in economic integration with the help of general economic policy and removal of tariff as well as non-tariff barriers. Institutional integration level is one of the economic regionalism forms and is also known as tight regionalism (Beeson and Mark. 2014). One example of tight regionalism is European Union (EU) that has been evolved from free trade sector to customs union. However, incorporation within EU helps in creating spillover effects in political as well as social arenas. In addition, another method that has been used for cl assifying economic regionalism forms is the method by which their non-members are treated. Non members are not discriminated in case of open regionalism. The APEC and EU contain different institutional arrangements, which facilitates in promoting open regionalism (Haastrup and Toni 2013). Similarly, closed regionalism inflicts protectionist measures for limiting non-members entre to the market of member states. There are few global factors that influence EUs approach in economic regionalism includes- multilateralism evolution, statement of WTO rules and liberalization in global trade. In fact, these factors also complicate the foreign policy of EU. The modern theory on economic regionalism is solely based on inter-governmental as well as inter-states cooperation on issues in trade. This cooperation refers to expression of vital changes that took place since 1990s. Firstly, they are the economic consensus expression that praises promotion of exports rather than substitution strategies. Developed as well as less developed nations shares the specific vision of economic policy (Lenz and Tobias 2012). This vision relies on the basic concept that economic activities that do not represent the way for successful development. Secondly, the necessity expression aids in reducing the multilateral negotiation complexity in liberalized trade. Negotiations among the regions help in reducing complexity through several problems and simplify agenda. Thirdly, this expression of need is to preserve cultural or social peculiarities that are generally perceived as homogenizing process of globalization. Economic regionalism has been basically feature d by negative integration strategies. Regional authority is mainly used for reducing national barriers to trade. However, economic regions follow market supporting strategies and have splits its relations of governance between national polity as well as trans- national marketplace. In addition, the members of EU have utilized regional aggregation in order to change their nations by not changing their own institutions. Economic Regionalism has become the worldwide phenomenon. Owing to increase in international interdependence, nations seek to cooperate with adjacent states in order to tackle problems that include environmental degradation and migration flows. The EU has been considered as the primary exponent of economic integration for transforming animosities among the states. Due to this, policymakers of other nations were attracted for providing stability and security among the individuals. The theory of diffusion offers analytical tools in analyzing the influence of communities on economic regionalism. The EU also seeks in strengthening existing organization in the regions around the globe. However, it provides financial assistance, trade agreements and confers interregional cooperation. In addition, the interregional channels providing economic resources influences regional dynamics. The financial assistance of EU s also impacts on the regional dynamics. EUs indirectly affects the economic re gionalism through competition as well as emulation process. Economic regionalism is related with globalization in the form of open regionalism that aimed at global market and resistance to market forces globally. EUs approach in economic regionalism process was to provide peaceful field where sovereign nations unites their efforts for creating regional objectives (Lenz and Tobias 2013). Open regionalism is the framework that describes the relationship between globalization and economic regionalism. The key drivers for economic regionalism including decline in cost of transaction, policy externalities, advancement of technologies owing to rise in competition, rise in FDI ( Foreign direct investments), economies of scale facilitates the states in gaining from trading of goods with each other. Regional cooperation as well as integration are the main drivers of economic regionalism. The new economic regionalism approached by EU typically involves nations that involved in low tariff barriers and follows outward oriented strategies. These policies facilitates in reducing the diversion cost of trade. However, it also stresses the gains from cost of transaction and tarde barriers. On the contrary, the Asian as well as Latin American nations claim to pursue open regionalism (MacLeod and Gordon 2015). It refers to cooperative arrangement and is also referred to as concerted unilateralism. Moreover, it avoids diversion cost of trade that troubled developing nations regional groups. Research on economic regionalism is mainly classified into two various outcomes. As opined by Hettne and Bjrn (2016), theories on international relations have considered regionalism as international cooperation. This means that international relations significantly affects on the regionalism. Firstly, integration as well as cooperation is the two main results of regionalism. Furthermore, regional cooperation involves joint exercise of political authority of each state in intergovernmental organization for solving action problems in relation to political and economical issues. In contrast to this, regional integration involves framing up of supranational organizations in which the political authority has been delegated in making binding decisions. For example, setting up of foreign conflicts and dealing with adverse effects of liberalization. Secondly, integration theories mainly initiates from European integration. However, European integration also serves in estimating regional inte gration in other nations. As a result, theories relating to regional integration have been applied to EUs economic regionalism. On the other hand, theories of cooperation cover economic regionalism outside European countries. The global financial crisis has some affect on its framework of regionalism and thus the model that EU promotes such as liberalization in trade and democracy is presently in crisis for many nations in EU. For example, the main issue for South American economic regionalism is mainly due to disagreements among the nations. The main aim of EU is to protect its nations or regions from external competition. This however is also referred to as closed regionalism that focuses at pursuing few strategies that includes import substitution for ensuring self-sustainability as well as growth in the economy. Moreover, this approach of EU changed completely during its second wave that is from the year 1990 onwards. Since then the economic regionalism has been promoting exports of the nations and this led to initiation of new markets. Another problem that has been identified for regionalism in South American is the protectionist governmental measures and attitudes towards change in free trade betwee n the regions (Jeffery and Charlie 2015). In addition, the crisis of this nations regionalism has been the outcome of several intergovernmental factors that led to the prototype of overlapping, duplicating and sub-regional schemes. Since the year 1990, economic regionalism in East Asian countries has observed emergence of three various phenomena that includes Trans- pacific regionalism, rise in intra regional organizations in this nations and influence of APEC. It has been noted from recent study that economic regionalism has shown huge progress in European countries than in Asian countries (Rose-Ackerman and Susan 2013). However, by promoting coordination among national authorities, economic integration and developing intuitions among the regions, the EU has created economic gains and reduced the gap of income among its member nations. On the other hand, regionalism in East Asian has developed in different way. In this situation, the markets drive regional integration more than their respective nations governments. Cooperation among the authorities of these nations remains hub for economical issues and formal institutions. The three weaknesses of EUs approach in economic regionalism includes- The banking Union- The global financial crisis has exposed the weakness of EUs approach in economic regionalism among the member nations. The weakness mainly lies in monetary union without the banking Union. This monetary Union however divided Europe both inside as well as outside Eurozone. However, in this circumstances, banking Union and proper implementation of economic policies can be the best method in solving this issue. Foreign policy- Foreign policy that has been adopted by EU has been one of their weaknesses in their approach in economic regionalism. In fact, other countries also pose various challenges through their foreign policies, which in other way affects their economic growth of these nations. Political integration-One of its great weakness of EUs has been political integration degree within the economy. The present level of political integration has been relatively low and hence this gave rise to huge contradictions. Moreover, the EU has less powers in the process of election of national governments in which the citizens has less participation in direct way (Tel and Mario 2013). On the contrary, the economic decisions that has been taken at the European level that affects the citizens of the country are mainly resolved through governments negotiations. EU faces huge challenges for the continuing economic crisis and these impacts on the European countries. The governance principles of EU approach in regionalism includes- In order to make economic regionalism inclusive, they gives extra advantage to small nations as well as minorities in making decision Making decision on some economical issues by majority voting Open procedure of coordination that allows EUs member nations for agreeing on intergovernmental cooperation initiatives Economical decisions are mainly taken based on subsidiarity principle at the governmental level There are some theories that provide insights about regionalism effects. Economic regionalism is stepping stone for globalization and it also influences the domestic policies of the nations and political processes. It has been noted from the recent study that globalization process and rise in economic regionalism approached by EU have profound effects on the financial systems. In addition, regionalism involves less governmental action of the states for intervening in the process of globalization (Sderbaum, Fredri and Shaw 2013). The resistance framework basically concerns with the social values that includes distribution as well as social justice that is considered as the key driving force for economic regionalism. Legitimacy has been the fundamental concern for the policymakers that contemplates the regionalism form. Economic regionalism also responded to globalization through rise in cultural identity and regionalist parties. With broadening of economic regionalism, the uniqueness of EU becomes less with respect to other regionalism forms. Rationalist cooperation approaches takes economic regionalism as strategic states responses to the globalization challenges (Ravenhill and John 2017). On the other hand, social constructivist approaches facilitates in suggesting the cultures of the nations in EU that are more or less well-suited with regionalism outcomes. The global financial crisis (GFC) during the period 2008 -2009 was a vital event around the globe. It caused slowdowns as well as massive wealth loss around the globe and reversed world trade growth. Moreover, the effects of this GFC varied across different nations as well as regions. But this crisis influences greatly on US and Europe and peripheries of Europe. The effect were conveyed through channels of real economy as economic slowdowns of developed nations led to decreased demand for produced commodities that have been manufactured by emerging markets. Global financial governance that has been most relevant to economic regionalism in Europe is crisis management. Several attempts have been done by ASEAN( Association of South East Asian Nations), AU (African Union) and GCC( Gulf Cooperation council) in order to gain regional integration within the nations, but they have failed in achieving it resembling the EU s progress. Following the GFC, several challenges faced EU that weakene d their approach in economic regionalism (Okeke and Aniche 2012). The first challenge that faced EU is rising fiscal coordination along with worsening outlook of the economy. However, it is suggested that EU must improve their financial system and also follow through severity measures initiated by its member states (Malamud, Andrs and Gardini. 2012). Additionally, the share of EU in global GDP reduced from 24% to 22% during the period 1990 to 2010. Another challenge that is faced by EU is resolving their identity crisis. In addition, EU has improved from customs union to only one market as well as Eurozone of the member countries. Hence, they have been unable in strengthening political institutions and is consistent with the requirement of integration. Economic regionalism has proven effective in facilitating to protect the markets of the member nations and provide strength in the economy through formation of RTA (Regional trade Agreement). However, the globalization organizations namely IMF (International Monetary Fund) and WTO (World Trade Organization) agreements unite the governments to their market liberalization that confines their ability in pursuing macroeconomic policies (Sunkel, Osvaldo and Inotai 2016). However, some regions or states of EU have reacted through economic regionalism for preserving stability in culture and economy. However, debate creates from the fact that economic regionalism simply places international system and hence the scale of regulation as well as stability that initiates from regionalism has been incomparable. Thus, with economic stability that has been offered to nations by economic regionalism, it has been forecasted that interregional relations will also rise in future. Conclusion From the above assignment , it can be concluded that the unifying factor in various types of economic regionalism is basically the desire of the member countries for using wider space in advancing economic interest. Economic integration is one of the example of its regionalism that have been exposed by GFC . Moreover, economic regionalism approach by EU failed due to two factors. Firstly, multilateralism served their major nations interest and hence economic rational did not seemed to exist in these economies for pursuing regional alternatives. In addition, the member nations have been apprehensive of trade arrangements and have restrained themselves from this attempt. It is controversial that economic regionalism impacts on the political aspect of nations agreement and global governance. Thus, foreign policy, political integration and banking Union are the three main weakness of the EUs approach that has been exposed by GFC and its aftermath. References Acharya, Amitav. "Comparative regionalism: A field whose time has come?."The International Spectator47, no. 1 (2012): 3-15. Beeson, Mark.Regionalism and globalization in East Asia: politics, security and economic development. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Beeson, Mark.Regionalism and globalization in East Asia: politics, security and economic development. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Gilpin, Robert.The political economy of international relations. Princeton University Press, 2016. Haastrup, Toni. "EU as mentor? Promoting regionalism as external relations practice in EUAfrica relations."Journal of European Integration35, no. 7 (2013): 785-800. Hettne, Bjrn, ed.The new regionalism and the future of security and development. Vol. 4. Springer, 2016. Jeffery, Charlie, ed.The regional dimension of the European Union: towards a third level in Europe?. Routledge, 2015. Jonas, Andrew EG. "Region and place: Regionalism in question."Progress in Human Geography36, no. 2 (2012): 263-272. Keating, Michael, and John Loughlin, eds.The political economy of regionalism. Routledge, 2013. Lenz, Tobias. "Spurred emulation: The EU and regional integration in Mercosur and SADC."West European Politics35, no. 1 (2012): 155-173. Lenz, Tobias. "EU normative power and regionalism: Ideational diffusion and its limits."Cooperation and Conflict48, no. 2 (2013): 211-228. MacLeod, Gordon. "New regionalism reconsidered: globalization and the remaking of political economic space."International journal of urban and regional research25, no. 4 (2015): 804-829. Malamud, Andrs, and Gian Luca Gardini. "Has regionalism peaked? The Latin American quagmire and its lessons."The International Spectator47, no. 1 (2012): 116-133. Okeke, V. O. S., and E. T. Aniche. "Economic Regionalism and Dependency in Africa: A Study of African Economic Community (AEC)."Oman Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review1, no. 11 (2012): 5-23. Ravenhill, John, ed.Global political economy. Oxford University Press, 2017. Riggirozzi, Pa. "Region, regionness and regionalism in Latin America: towards a new synthesis."New Political Economy17, no. 4 (2012): 421-443 Rose-Ackerman, Susan.Corruption: A study in political economy. Academic Press, 2013. Sderbaum, Fredrik, and Timothy M. Shaw. "Theories of new regionalism."A Palgrave Reader, Basingstoke(2013). Sunkel, Osvaldo, and Andra Inotai.Globalism and the new regionalism. Vol. 1. Springer, 2016. Tel, Mario, ed.European Union and new regionalism: regional actors and global governance in a post-hegemonic era. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2013.

Thank YOU for a Great Year!!

By: Eric Hoppe, Ecommerce Manager What a fantastic year! We have so many things to be thankful for, the biggest of all being you! While we had a wonderful time helping you fulfill your day-to-day content needs, we’ve also been listening to your feedback and been adding some really neat changes to our site and workflow. In case you missed it, here are just some of the things that happened at Constant Content in 2015: Platform and Workflow Updates In early October, we released our newly renovated Constant Content Platform and website. The new platform has been optimized to provide a super user-friendly experience for sourcing premium content and improves the efficiency and effectiveness of your workflow! Key New Site Features: An updated article browse menu Mobile responsiveness Persistent navigation More Targeted Content Requests Our content request form now features several targeting options to ensure a good match between your requirements and writers’ skills. Here are the options you now have when placing a request: Public Requests Issue a call for articles Place a casting call Send a targeted request Request an expert in a field Private Requests Direct- Send a request to individual writers Teams- Build a team of writers for individual projects WP Plugin: Constant Content Integration Just this month, we launched our new plugin for WordPress– Constant Content Integration. Constant Content Integration makes it easier for you to request and receive custom content by providing all the features of the Constant Content platform directly from your WordPress account. Bulk Export Tools For larger companies, we understand that it can be difficult to source, manage and work with a large volume of content needs. To help ease the strain on large clients, we’ve created a suite of tools that cater to large volume requests. CSV upload tool to add as many requests as you want at a time Manage requests easily using a filter Export content into custom spreadsheets We also attended a couple really cool conferences this year, including the Content Marketing Conference in Vegas in May and Content Marketing World in Cleveland in September, where we had an awesome time speaking with many of you. None of our accomplishments would have been possible without the continued support and feedback we have received from all of you and so we would like to say THANK YOU! We can’t wait to see what 2016 brings, and we pledge to continue to be your premium source for quality custom content. Please reach out to us at any time with your suggestions and comments and, of course, we’re always here to answer your questions. Thanks again, and we want to take this time to wish YOU an excellent 2016! All the best, Eric, on behalf of the entire Constant Content Team

The nobility in eighteenth century Europe Essays

The nobility in eighteenth century Europe Essays The nobility in eighteenth century Europe Paper The nobility in eighteenth century Europe Paper Essay Topic: History From the outside the nobility may have appeared to be a monolithic institution, powerful and united in defence of its interest. 1 But in reality there were many divides within the nobility, such as the divisions between the old and new nobility or the rich and poor. Frictions between such groups have been held largely responsible for the erosion of power and prestige of the nobility within the eighteenth century, and some commentators such a Doyle have gone as far as claiming that their internal divisions left the nobility powerless, in other words paralysed. To find out if this was indeed true the internal divisions have to be looked at in greater detail and these must be balanced against the number of other factors that united rather than divided the nobility. Many of the divisions in noble society were caused by non-structural conflicts between individuals, families or parties. 2 However many other troubles were drawn along structural lines. Probably the best example of this was the divide between the rich nobles and the poor nobles. The ethos of nobility meant implied that nobles live off their own states, in a life of decadence, but this was far from the case for the majority of the nobles in Europe, as honourable birth and status provided no guarantees against poverty. 3 This was particularly the case in Eastern and Southern Europe where the nobility was extremely large and extensive. 4 Often this resulted in them having to work and, in extreme cases, live as commoners. The poor nobility deeply resented this and were envious of the richer nobility who flaunted their wealth, wasting huge sums on money on their own pleasure and vanity. The richer nobles were equally distaining. They saw the poorer nobles as an insult to their elevated class and felt that their failure degraded their position. Similar rivalries were present between the old, traditional nobility and the new nobility. Nobles liked to believe that they came from a long line of noble ancestors, but in reality this was rarely the case as the turnover of nobility was usually quite fast, as newcomers were able to be ennobled during the eighteenth century in every country except Venice, Genoa and Russia who officially operated closed door policies starting in 1758. Traditionally, there were two main ways that the nobility could be ennobled; firstly wealthy nobles and entrepreneurs could buy into the nobility. Louis XIV, for example periodically put titles on the market at times of great financial need. Thus, in France it was widely accepted that while not every nobleman was rich, every rich man was noble. 6 Or, secondly they could become noble by assuming t he noble lifestyle and hence acting like the nobility. During the eighteenth century a third means of status gain emerged, in the form of gaining administrative posts. This created a division between nobles of the crown those who conducted royal administration and nobles of the sword, who were the older nobility, whose royal function was principally military7. The nobles of the sword saw themselves as inherently more important than nobles of the robe, as they believed in the old connection between military valour and honour. They were hugely frustrated that the administrative nobles, while coming from supposedly inferior blood lines, were at the controls of government, while they had little influence in governmental affairs. Also it was obvious that these administrative posts had been secured by wealth, which the rich nobles despised and the poor nobles envied8. Along the same lines as the rift between the old nobility of the robe, and the newer one of the sword was that of the court versus country nobility. Traditionally, great magnates had lived in the country on their landed estates, and ruled over their dynasties. But the eighteenth century brought a centralisation of governance, and the nobles of the country were left increasingly isolated. It was the metropolitan noble, many of whom were relatively new to the nobility, who gained from this. Their estates were undoubtedly less grand, but they were at the centre of influence and were more able to influence their monarchs and the distribution of patronage. 9 This they used to better their own needs and their power in relation to the great magnates. This is highlighted by a magistrate in late eighteenth century declaring the court nobility has, at all times, been the most pronounced and most dangerous enemy of other nobles. 10 Religion could also be a factor for division. In England and Ireland after the defeat of the Catholic aggressors in 1691, Catholic nobles were deposed and by 1703 only 14% of Irish land was owned by Catholics. 11 Similarly, during the seventeenth century the Habsburg nobility had been divided over religion, with the upper nobility retaining Catholicism, while the lesser nobility adopted Protestantism. But how far did these divisions lead to the weakening of the nobility? During the eighteenth century there was an apparent sift of power from magnates to a more absolute state. Kamen summarises this well Thanks to divisions among the elite, the state was able to slowly extend its authority and encourage the creation of a national loyalty that transcended local allegiances headed by nobles. 12 However, monarchs and governments were never able to infringe greatly on noble power as they feared the strength of a rebellious nobility and needed the nobilitys support to consolidate their own power. For example, the English Parliament failed, in 1701, to pass legislation banning nobles from governing. 3 But the most potent threat to the nobility was undoubtedly the politicisation of the peasantry and the rise of the middle class. Since the enlightenment, European society had been witness to an ever-increasing, secular group who questioned the rights of nobles to rule. They were supported by religious leaders, as many started to declare nobles undeserving of their titles and ungodly14. Many of the peasantry, tired of being at the undesirable end of the class system, found this very attractive and, led by the middle classes, attempted to take advantage of the nobles division. This clearly happened in France, where the conflicts between the aristocracy, as well as the economic success of an extremely large bourgeois population led to the French Revolution, the disposition of the aristocracy and French nobles leaving the majority of the 83 French governmental departments. 15 But, elsewhere in Europe, while there were revolts and rebellion, the nobility were never deposed. Even though there was, present, this cascade of distain16 existed amongst the nobility of the eighteenth century, there were a number of unifying factors. Many nobles were installed with the notions of nobility and, recognising each others membership strengthened their own position. 17 This was further strengthened by writing such as Montesquieus Spirit of Law (1748), which outlined the nobilitys role in society18. Similarly, nobles were often reluctant to question other nobles legitimacy, in case this provoked these nobles or the peasantry to start posing similar questions against them. The nobles in this period came to recognise the united nature of their supreme social status. They were sure that unless the lower classes were under control, they would instinctively rise and revolt. 19 Noble families were also brought together by matrimonial alliances. 20 As a result of primogeniture, second and third sons were often unable to find a wife of the same social class, and therefore if they inspired to marry within the nobility, they had to marry into a lower level. But, by the end of the eighteenth century the distinctions between the noble factions were decreasing, as the groups started to merge. A form of noble exchange was created as bureaucrats desired to gain land, while the landed nobility desired to gain office and governmental influence21. It was also becoming increasingly apparent to the old nobility that in the ever expanding economy, no longer could they look down on the virtue of work. For them to survive they had to start taking part in some sort of enterprise. 22 There is little doubt that the nobility of the eighteenth century were greatly weakened by their internal divisions, leading to a greater centralisation of power and state control, but paralysed is too extreme a description. It is not easy to assess the strengths of the nobilities in most European countries, as only in France was the nobility properly tested, but the fact that elsewhere the middle classes and peasant masses where unable to sustain any national revolts shows that the nobility was far from paralysed. They had their divisions, but they also had many unifying factors; the common sense of nobility and the privileges that nobility entailed, were too great to create too permanent splintering. This was compounded as the century progressed and the noble groupings became blurred, leading, in general, to a frictional but robust noble class.

Market government organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Market government organization - Essay Example The three banks that have most offshore accounts are UBS, Credit Suisse and Goldman Sachs. While US, UK and Germany are doing a great deal to bring to line the rogue tax evaders, more effective policy change and stringent punishments must be enacted to promote transparency and prevent tax evasion. Transparency laws should become compulsory, especially for banks and make accessibility f data easy for everyone, including foreign agencies and individuals. Hence, banks and banking laws should come under the purview of international laws along with local laws. Indeed, the governments cannot take actions if they are bound by international laws and local laws of countries where the money is stashed. Access to information becomes a critical issue that can significantly discourage tax evasion. Stringent punishment would further deter the tax evaders as well as banks and help developing and under developed economies to make fast socio-economic